| Sri Yukteshwar Giri | |
|---|---|
| Born | Priyanath Karar 10 May 1855 Serampore, Bengal, Undivided India |
| Died | 9 March 1936 (aged 80) Puri, Orissa, British India |
| Guru | Lahiri Mahasaya |
| Disciples | Paramahansa Yogananda, Paramhansa Hariharananda |
| Philosophy | Kriya Yoga |
Sri Yukteshwar Giri (also spelled Sriyukteshwar Giri and Sriyukteshvar Giri) (Bengali: শ্রী যুক্তেশ্বর গিরী) (10 May 1855 - 9 March 1936) is the monastic name of Priyanath Karar (Bengali: প্রিয়নাথ কাঁড়ার), the guru of Swami Satyananda Giri and Paramahansa Yogananda. Sri Yukteshwar was an educator, astronomer, a Jyotisha (Vedic astrologer), a yogi, and a believer in the Bhagavad Gita and the Bible. He was a disciple of Lahiri Mahasaya of Varanasi and a member of the Giri branch of the swami order. Yogananda considered Sri Yukteswar as Jnanavatar, or "Incarnation of Wisdom".[1]
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Sri Yukteswar was born Priyanath Karar in Serampore, India to Kshetranath Karar and Kadambini.[2] Priyanath lost his father at a young age, and took on much of the responsibility for managing his family's land holdings.[3] A bright student, he passed the entrance exams and enrolled in Srirampur Christian Missionary College, where he developed an interest in the Bible.[4] This interest would later express itself in his book, The Holy Science, which discusses the unity behind the scientific principles underlying Yoga and the Bible. He also attended Calcutta Medical College for almost two years.[4]
After leaving college, Priyanath married and had a daughter. His wife died a few years after their marriage,[5] and he eventually was formally intitiated into the monastic Swami order as "Sriyukteshvar Giri" (note: thus 'Sri' is not a separate honorific, but part of his given name).[6]
In 1884, Priyanath met Lahiri Mahasaya, who became his Guru and initiated him into the path of Kriya Yoga.[7] Sri Yukteswar spent a great deal of time in the next several years in the company of his guru, often visiting Lahiri Mahasaya in Benares. In 1894, while attending the Kumbha Mela in Allahabad, he met the Guru of Lahiri Mahasaya, Mahavatar Babaji,[7] who asked Sri Yukteswar to write a book comparing Hindu scriptures and the Christian bible.[8] Mahavatar Babaji also bestowed on Sri Yukteswar the title of 'Swami' at that meeting.[9] Sri Yukteswar completed the requested book in 1894, naming it Kaivalya Darsanam, or The Holy Science.[10]
"Priyanath Karar" has been mentioned by James Campbell Ker in the Bihar and Orissa History Sheet (p. 498) of his Political Trouble in India, A Confidential Report, 1917, First Reprint 1973. Arun Chandra Guha writes that when Bankimchandra Chatterjee was a Deputy Magistrate at Chinsura, patriotic literary figures like Yogendra Vidyabhushan, Bhudev Mukherjee, Nabin Chandra Sen, Hemchandra Banerjee used to meet in his house. Under their inspiration and advice, Tincowri Chatterjee started physical culture centres at Chandernagore, Chinsura and Serampore. Professor Charu Chandra Roy organised them into revolutionary groups during the agitations against the Partition of Bengal in 1905. The famous Tantric saint Tarapada Banerjee, alias Tara Khepa, openly advocated rebellion against British rule while holding classes on the Gita and the Chandi. Preonath Karar was a member of those centres.[11]
“A few months before the session of the Surat Congress, Suranath traveled in the guise of a Tantric priest all over Bengal (…) preaching sedition… went Calcutta and stayed there for a month at the Sandhya office… He then formed a central committee (…), Mokshada, Shyamsundar Chakravarti, Arabinda Ghose, Tara Khepa, Annada Kaviraj and others as members.” [12] A few days before the publication of the Yugantar, at Benares, Preonath with Hrishikesh and Suranath “convened a public meeting as well as a meeting of the pundits wherein it was settled by quotations from the Hindu Astrology and Astronomy and announced firmly that the sinful Iron Age was now over…”[13]
Sri Yukteswar converted his large two-story family home in Serampore into an ashram, named "Priyadham",[14] where he resided with students and disciples. In 1903, he also established an ashram in the seaside town of Puri, naming it "Kararashram".[15] From these two ashrams, Sri Yukteswar taught students, and began an organization named "Sadhu Sabha".[16]
An interest in education resulted in Sri Yukteswar developing a syllabus for schools, on the subjects of physics, physiology, geography, astronomy, and astrology[17] He also wrote a book for Bengalis on learning basic English and Hindi called "First Book", and wrote a basic book on astrology.[18] Later, he became interested in the education of women, which was uncommon in Bengal at that time.[19]
Sri Yukteswar was especially skilled in Jyotiṣa (Indian astrology), and prescribed various astrological gemstones and bangles to his students.[20] He also studied astronomy and science, as evidenced in the formulation of his Yuga theory in The Holy Science.[10]
He had only a few long-term disciples, but in 1910, the young Mukunda Lal Ghosh would become Sri Yukteswar’s most well known disciple, eventually spreading the teachings of Kriya Yoga throughout the world as Paramahansa Yogananda. Yogananda attributed Sri Yukteswar’s small number of disciples to his strict training methods, which Yogananda said “cannot be described as other than drastic”.[21]
Regarding the role of the Guru, Sri Yukteswar said:
Look, there is no point in blindly believing that after I touch you, you will be saved, or that a chariot from heaven will be waiting for you. Because of the guru's attainment, the sanctifying touch becomes a helper in the blossoming of Knowledge, and being respectful towards having acquired this blessing, you must yourself become a sage, and proceed on the path to elevate your Soul by applying the techniques of sadhana given by the guru.[22]
Author W.Y. Evans-Wentz described his impression of Sri Yukteswar in the preface to Yogananda's Autobiography of a Yogi:
"Sri Yukteswar was of gentle mien and voice, of pleasing presence, and worthy of the veneration, which his followers spontaneously accorded to him. Every person who knew him, whether of his own community or not, held him in the highest esteem. I vividly recall his tall, straight, ascetic figure, garbed in the saffron-colored garb of one who has renounced worldly quests, as he stood at the entrance of the hermitage to give me welcome. His hair was long and somewhat curly, and his face bearded. His body was muscularly firm, but slender and well-formed, and his step energetic."[23]
Sri Yukteswar died at his Puri ashram on March 9, 1936.[24]
Sri Yukteswar wrote The Holy Science in 1894.[25] In the introduction, he wrote:
"The purpose of this book is to show as clearly as possible that there is an essential unity in all religions; that there is no difference in the truths inculcated by the various faiths; that there is but one method by which the world, both external and internal, has evolved; and that there is but one Goal admitted by all scriptures."[25]
The work introduced many ideas that were revolutionary for the time — for instance Sri Yukteswar broke from Hindu tradition in stating that the earth is not in the age of Kali Yuga, but has advanced to Dwapara Yuga.[25] His proof was based on a new perspective of the precession of the equinoxes. He also introduced the idea that the sun takes a ‘star for its dual’, and revolves around it in a period of 24,000 years, which accounts for the precession of the equinox.[25] Research into this theory is being conducted by the Binary Research Institute,[26] which produced a documentary on the topic titled The Great Year, narrated by James Earl Jones. A sign of the ubiquity of Sri Yukteswar's calculations in modern culture is that there is an iPhone Application for calculating them, just as there are calculators for currencies, lengths, areas and volumes[27]
The theory of the Sun's binary companion expounded by Sri Yukteswar in The Holy Science has attracted the attention of David Frawley, who has written about it in several of his books. According to Frawley, the theory offers a better estimate of the age of Rama and Krishna and other important historical Indian figures than other dating methods, which estimate some of these figures to have lived millions of years ago — belying accepted human history.[28]
Giri's face can be seen on the cover of The Beatles' album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (1967). It appears on the upper left of the crowd behind The Beatles.
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